Contents
■ix
3.7.3
Measuring the efficacy of repellent by use of olfactometer
33
3.7.3.1
Measuring the efficacy of Ultrasound devices
34
3.8
DISCUSSION ON LAB TEST
34
3.9
RESULTS
36
3.10
FUTURE PERSPECTIVE AND OUTLOOK
37
3.11
CONCLUSION NOTE
38
Chapter
4 ■Biology, Surveillance and Control of Mosquito Vectors
41
Elton Rogozi*
4.1
INTRODUCTION ON THE MOSQUITO BIOLOGY
42
4.2
BIOLOGY OF MOSQUITOS (CULICIDAE)
43
4.3
LIFE STAGES OF MOSQUITOS
43
4.3.1
Eggs stage of mosquitos
44
4.3.2
Larval stage of mosquitos
45
4.3.3
Pupal stage of mosquitos
45
4.3.4
Adults stage of mosquitos
46
4.4
MOSQUITOS CONCERNS FROM THE PUBLIC HEALTH
OVERVIEW
47
4.5
ROLE OF MOSQUITOS IN DISEASE TRANSMISSION
48
4.6
MOSQUITOS AS VECTOR OF DISEASES
49
4.7
VECTORIAL CAPACITY AND COMPETENCE OF MOSQUITOS
49
4.8
PATHOGENS THAT CAN BE TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOS
49
4.8.1
Parasites
49
4.8.2
Viruses
50
4.8.3
Bacteria and other pathogens
50
4.9
BITING ACTIVITY OF MOSQUITOS
50
4.10
MOSQUITO AS NUISANCE
51
4.11
SURVEILLANCE AND ENTOMOLOGICAL STUDIES OF MOSQUITO
VECTOR
51
4.12
MOSQUITO SURVEILLANCE AND COLLECTION
52
4.12.1
Light traps
52
4.12.1.1
CDC light traps
53
4.12.2
Human landing catch (collection)
54
4.12.2.1
Resting catch
54
4.13
OTHER TECHNIQUES USED FOR MOSQUITO COLLECTION
55
4.13.1
Adult sampling
55
4.13.2
Gravid Trap Box
56